Objective: The aims of our study are to explore the relationship among retinal neurodegeneration (RN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to evaluate if the neuroretinal study could identify type 2 diabetes (T2D) subjects at risk of dementia. Materials and methods: 64 T2D patients (65-90 years) with a disease duration greater than 5 years, with mild or no retinopathy were classified as MCI or controls (C), according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA). The participants underwent retinal microperimetry to measure the average threshold macular sensitivity (ATMS), electroretinography to assess the Implicit Time (IT) and SD-optical coherence tomography to measures the thickness of retinal layers (Data from RECOGNISED study, NCT04281186). Results: We found that IT was significantly longer (30,6 vs 28,7 and 31,1 vs 26,5, p=0,03) and ATMS was significantly lower (25,5 vs 26,8, p=0,04) in MCI group versus C. We observed a positive correlation between MOCA test score and ATMS (r=0,3, p=0,02). Conclusion: In T2D patients, MCI was associated with markers of retinal neurodegeneration. The neuroretina could represent an observational point for the study of cognitive impairment and microperimetry could represent a useful tool to screen T2D patients at risk of dementia.