Obesity is a complex, chronic, and relapsing disease. It’s a major risk factor for numerous non-communicable illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for obesity. However, even after surgery, some patients struggle with weight regain or insufficient weight loss. This article explores the reasons behind a poor response to bariatric surgery and examines current and emerging treatment options for this persistent health concern.